Since its introduction more than two decades ago, SPECT/CT imaging has seen significant technological advances that are expanding the modality鈥檚 power and accuracy. SPECT/CT expert Klaus Strobel from Lucerne Cantonal Hospital in Switzerland reveals how the method improves individual patient care and where he sees future clinical applications.聽
Photography by Raphael Zubler聽
Across the diagnostic imaging spectrum, SPECT and SPECT/CT have developed into staples that are depended upon to drive improved patient outcomes. With SPECT originating more than 50 years ago and evolving into SPECT/CT over two decades ago, these modalities continue to meet the challenges of today through the implementation of new features and methods of use, assisting physicians in the diagnosis and targeted care of each individual patient.
As a hybrid method, SPECT/CT combines single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), which provides metabolic information from injected radionuclides, with anatomical information of bones and organs obtained from computed tomography (CT). This unites the high sensitivity of SPECT with the specific physiological localization provided by CT. 鈥淭his improves diagnostic accuracy for a wide range of clinical conditions compared to SPECT or CT imaging alone,鈥 confirms Prof. Dr. Klaus Strobel, head of the nuclear medicine department at the Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland.
Broad range of clinical applications
Located in a large center for nuclear medicine in central Switzerland, Strobel鈥檚 department is responsible for serving a population of around one million people. To enhance its diagnostic imaging capabilities, the department acquired two Symbia Intevo Bold鈩 SPECT/CT imaging scanners, one in 2019 and another in 2020, to replace its aging SPECT/CT scanners.
Strobel and his team鈥攚hich includes three other physicians who are double board certified in radiology and nuclear medicine and 15 technologists who are also trained in both specialties鈥攎ost frequently use SPECT/CT to investigate skeletal conditions like lesions of bone and joints. These experts also employ SPECT/CT for a broad range of other investigations, such as examinations of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, cardiac analysis to investigate perfusion and possible ischemia, and applications in the brain, for instance, on patients with suspected Parkinson鈥檚 disease. The team also explores the modality鈥檚 use for further clinical applications.
In fact, SPECT/CT has seen significant technological advances that have expanded the modality鈥檚 scope. First, the quality of scans has increased due to better CT hardware, which is, according to Strobel, probably the most significant advancement in recent years. Modern machines feature more rapidly rotating radiation sources and detectors with a greater number of slices resulting in the ability to provide clear and high-resolution images while simultaneously reducing imaging time.
"When investigating possible metastatic growth in prostate or breast cancer patients, a SPECT/CT measurement can reveal information about metastases in bones, while a back-to-back contrast CT provides information on possible tumors in the lung or liver."
Dr. Strobel鈥檚 team prepares the contrast injector that is utilized for CT examinations with their Symbia Intevo Bold.
One-stop imaging
To harness the SPECT/CT to its full capabilities, Strobel and his team are using Symbia Intevo Bold to provide what he refers to as 鈥渙ne-stop imaging.鈥 His team routinely utilizes a contrast injector in conjunction with the CT. 鈥淲hen investigating possible metastatic growth in prostate or breast cancer patients, a SPECT/CT measurement can reveal information about metastases in bones, while a back-to-back contrast CT provides information on possible tumors in the lung or liver,鈥 Strobel explains. He goes on to emphasize the importance of providing fused 3D images to the referring physicians and to patients, as it promotes the power of the imaging modalities.聽
In addition, the CT capabilities combined with image processing software allow Strobel and his co-workers to perform measurements they were unable to provide before. The experts can now add calcium scoring to cardiac perfusion SPECT/CT as an additional prognostic data point to assess the risk for relevant coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction.
Strobel鈥檚 team also applies unique Siemens Healthineers CT technologies like聽iMAR, the iterative algorithm for metal artifact reduction along with their SPECT/CT imaging techniques.
This helps the team apply diagnostic SPECT/CT for patients who underwent a knee or a hip replacement and therefore carry metal prostheses.聽
鈥淪uch metal components normally create hindering artifacts in CT images,鈥 explains Strobel. A tailored image processing algorithm like iMAR reduces such artifacts and provides high-quality images of the tissue around metal protheses without any information being obscured. The iMAR images can be applied for attenuation correction to the SPECT images providing a dual benefit by enhancing the reconstructed image quality for both modalities.聽
Additionally, along with iMAR, Strobel and his co-workers regularly use dual-energy CT in patients with knee prothesis to increase visibility of subtle osteolysis at the metal-bone interface as a sign for early loosening.
iMAR, 3D rendering, and dual-energy CT are often used in patients with knee prosthesis.
Software makes the difference for patients
A major part of the improved capabilities can be attributed to the software. In particular, new reconstruction algorithms for planar and SPECT/CT images have improved in recent years. Strobel鈥檚 team has done studies comparing planar whole-body imaging times and image quality for the same patient and has determined that 鈥渨ith the half-time image reconstruction technique, patients鈥 comfort and throughput can be improved without impaired detectability of diagnostically relevant findings.鈥 Heart and bone scans that used to take 12 to 15 minutes are now done in only 6 to 7 minutes. 鈥淥f course, this is beneficial for the patients鈥 comfort, especially if they are in pain,鈥 stresses Strobel. He adds, 鈥淚 think half-time imaging is clearly the way to go.鈥澛
Strobel鈥檚 team has explored further how far they can decrease imaging time of whole body SPECT/CT in cancer patients by obtaining images with variable whole-body acquisition parameters. The team completed a whole-body scan in 20 minutes using parameters of 3 seconds per view with 60 projections in continuous acquisition mode, forgoing the traditional step-and-shoot approach, for a 113 kg/249 lb-patient. 鈥淚 think it has all the information you need about the bone.鈥 Strobel goes on to say, 鈥淚n this situation, you could imagine skipping the traditional planar images and doing the whole-body SPECT/CT only.鈥澛
xSPECT Bone鈩 is another unique software capability that Strobel regularly uses. He states, 鈥淚f we do bone SPECT/CT, we always use xSPECT Bone. This provides, of course, better image quality, better visualization, and anatomic resolution, compared to the conventional techniques.鈥 This observation is evident when Prof. Strobel compares images reconstructed with xSPECT Bone to conventionally reconstructed images.
Expanding the scope of SPECT/CT imaging
鈥淭hanks to these technical advancements, we have certainly been able to improve diagnosis and patient care,鈥 Strobel concludes. It鈥檚 no surprise that the use of SPECT/CT is steadily moving towards new clinical indications. Recently, Strobel鈥檚 team has begun working together with lymphatic surgeons to explore imaging of the lymphatic nodes and vessels. These experts are also investigating specialized applications with available tracers, such as imaging cardiac amyloidosis (a severe disease of the heart) using a tracer currently used for bone imaging. 鈥淚 can imagine that more diagnosable indications will come up when researchers further investigate the scope of bone and joint SPECT/CT scans,鈥 says Strobel. 鈥淲e are still limited in imaging of soft tissues, and I see potential to improve in this area.鈥 The Lucerne team invented 鈥淪PECT/CT arthrography,鈥 a combination of CT arthrography with intraarticular contrast and SPECT as a new technique allowing the assessment of metabolic bone changes and cartilage or ligament lesions in one investigation in knee, ankle, or wrist disorders.聽
According to Strobel, a promising new perspective is the quantification of tracer uptake in the images, providing standard uptake values (SUV)鈥攁lready being done in PET/CT measurements. Strobel appreciates the solution for quantification referred to as xSPECT Quant鈩. 鈥淚 think it is important that tracer quantification can be done in SPECT/CT as easily as in PET/CT; that one can place a volume of interest (VOI) in the lesion and immediately obtain the SUV to compare with older images, such as for therapy response assessment.鈥 Strobel also states, 鈥淭his easy-to-use and precise tracer quantification tool was actually one of the main reasons for us to choose Symbia Intevo Bold, since it鈥檚 unique on the market.鈥
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Dr. Strobel and his team study SPECT/CT images of the knee.
In fact, initial research results in the field indicate that tracer quantification may be used to guide treatment decisions or response to a given therapy.1,2 There is still much research to be done,鈥 says Strobel, 鈥渂ut I think quantification in SPECT/CT will be an especially interesting application to explore in the future.鈥澛
Broader applications for the original features of SPECT/CT have continuously been revealed throughout the life cycle. With the addition of new imaging tools, medical professionals are discovering innovative ways to utilize SPECT/CT to deliver cutting-edge service for patients. The modality continues to advance, and the coming years promise to reveal new uses that will keep it at the forefront of nuclear medicine for decades to come.
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Fused 3D segment
About the author
Santina Russo is a freelance science journalist in Zurich, Switzerland.